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本帖最后由 格雷提斯特 于 2018-11-2 09:54 编辑
分享《Handbook of Optical Design》第3版，目录如下：
Contents
Preface to the Third Edition ....................................................................................xv
Preface to the Second Edition ................................................................................xvii
Preface to the First Edition .....................................................................................xix
Chapter 1 Geometrical Optics Principles .............................................................1
1.1 Wave Nature of Light and Fermat’s Principle ...........................1
1.1.1 Gradient Index of Refraction ........................................7
1.2 Reflection and Refraction Laws .................................................8
1.2.1 Reflection Laws ............................................................8
1.2.2 Refraction Laws............................................................9
1.2.3 Vectorial Form of Refraction Laws ............................ 10
1.3 Basic Meridional Ray Tracing Equations ................................ 11
1.3.1 Meridional Ray Tracing by the L–U Method ............15
1.3.2 Meridional Ray Tracing by the Q–U Method ............15
1.4 Gaussian or First-Order Optics................................................ 16
1.4.1 Paraxial Ray Tracing by y–nu Method and
Matrix Ray Tracing .................................................... 19
1.5 Image Formation .....................................................................20
1.6 Stop, Pupils, and Principal Ray ...............................................22
1.6.1 Telecentric Systems ....................................................25
1.7 Delano’s Relation .....................................................................26
1.8 Optical Sine Theorem ..............................................................27
1.9 Lagrange Invariant ..................................................................29
1.10 Herschel Invariant and Image Magnifications ........................ 31
References ..........................................................................................33
Chapter 2 Thin Lenses and Spherical Mirrors ...................................................35
2.1 Thin Lenses .............................................................................35
2.2 Formulas for Image Formation with Thin Lenses ..................38
2.3 Nodal Points of a Thin Lens ....................................................39
2.4 Image Formation with Converging Lenses ............................. 41
2.5 Image Formation with Diverging Lenses ................................42
References ..........................................................................................42
Chapter 3 Systems of Several Lenses and Thick Lenses ....................................43
3.1 Focal Length and Power of a Lens System .............................43
3.2 Image Formation with Thick Lenses or Systems of Lenses ......45
3.3 Cardinal Points ........................................................................46
3.4 Image Formation with a Tilted or Curved Object ...................49
3.5 Thick Lenses............................................................................ 51
3.6 Systems of Thin Lenses ...........................................................54
3.7 The Lagrange Invariant in a System of Thin Lenses ..............55
3.8 Effect of Object or Stop Shifting .............................................57
3.8.1 Shifting the Stop .........................................................57
3.8.2 Shifting Object and Image Planes ..............................58
3.9 The Delano y y ? Diagram ....................................................59
3.9.1 A Shift of the Stop ......................................................62
3.9.2 A Shift of the Object and Image ................................62
References ..........................................................................................63
Chapter 4 Chromatic Aberrations .......................................................................65
4.1 Introduction .............................................................................65
4.2 Axial Chromatic Aberration....................................................66
4.2.1 Axial Chromatic Aberration of a Thin Lens ..............68
4.2.2 Achromatic Doublet ...................................................69
4.2.3 Achromatic Doublet with Separated Elements .......... 71
4.2.4 Axial Chromatic Aberration Correction with
One Glass ...................................................................72
4.2.5 Spherochromatism ...................................................... 74
4.3 Conrady’s D – d Method of Achromatization ......................... 75
4.4 Secondary Color Aberration....................................................77
4.4.1 Apochromatic Triplet .................................................78
4.5 Magnification Chromatic Aberration ......................................79
4.5.1 Stop Shift Equations for Chromatic Aberrations .......82
4.5.2 Correction of the Magnification Chromatic
Aberration ..................................................................83
4.5.3 Magnification Chromatic Aberration Correction
with One Glass ...........................................................84
References ..........................................................................................87
Chapter 5 Spherical Aberration ..........................................................................89
5.1 Spherical Aberration Calculation ............................................89
5.2 Primary Spherical Aberration .................................................93
5.2.1 Spherical Aberration of a Thin Lens ..........................96
5.2.2 A System of Thin Lenses .........................................100
5.2.3 Spherical Aberration for a Plane-Parallel Plate in
Converging Light ...................................................... 101
5.3 Aspherical Surfaces ............................................................... 102
5.4 Spherical Aberration of Aspherical Surfaces ........................ 102
5.5 Surfaces without Spherical Aberration ................................. 103
5.5.1 Refractive Spherical Surfaces .................................. 103
5.5.2 Reflective Conic Surfaces ........................................104vii Contents
5.5.3 Descartes’ Ovoid ...................................................... 105
5.6 Aberration Polynomial for Spherical Aberration ..................106
5.6.1 Caustic ...................................................................... 108
5.7 High-Order Spherical Aberration .......................................... 111
5.7.1 Aberration Balancing ............................................... 113
5.8 Spherical Aberration Correction with Gradient Index .......... 114
References ........................................................................................ 116
Chapter 6 Monochromatic Off-Axis Aberrations ............................................. 117
6.1 Introduction ........................................................................... 117
6.1.1 Introduction to Off-Axis Aberrations ...................... 118
6.1.2 Oblique Rays ............................................................ 119
6.1.3 Off-Axis Aberrations Definitions .............................123
6.2 Petzval Curvature ..................................................................124
6.3 Coma ......................................................................................126
6.3.1 Offense against the Sine Condition ..........................126
6.3.2 Coma Contribution of Each Surface ........................128
6.3.3 Coma in a Single Thin Lens .....................................130
6.4 Astigmatism ........................................................................... 131
6.4.1 Coddington Equations .............................................. 133
6.4.1.1 Tangential Image ...................................... 133
6.4.1.2 Sagittal Image ...........................................134
6.4.1.3 General Expression ................................... 135
6.4.2 Relations between Petzval Curvature and
Astigmatism ............................................................. 136
6.4.3 Comatic and Astigmatic Images .............................. 139
6.5 Aplanatic Surfaces ................................................................. 143
6.5.1 Aplanatic Refractive Spherical Surfaces .................. 144
6.5.2 Aplanatic Wassermann–Wolf Surfaces .................... 145
6.6 Distortion ............................................................................... 145
6.7 Off-Axis Aberrations in Aspherical Surfaces ....................... 148
6.8 The Symmetrical Principle and the Bow–Sutton Conditions ... 151
6.9 Stop Shift Equations .............................................................. 152
6.10 Aberrations of the Pupil ........................................................ 155
References ........................................................................................ 156
Chapter 7 Aberration Polynomials and High-Order Aberrations ..................... 159
7.1 Wavefronts in an Optical System .......................................... 159
7.2 Ray Aberrations and Wavefront Aberrations ........................ 159
7.3 Wavefront Aberration Polynomial ......................................... 161
7.3.1 H. H. Hopkins Wavefront Aberration Polynomial
for Centered Systems ................................................ 163
7.3.2 Kingslake Wavefront Aberration Polynomial for
Centered Systems ..................................................... 165viii Contents
7.3.3 Seidel Wavefront Aberration Polynomial for
Centered Systems ..................................................... 167
7.3.4 High-Order Buchdahl Aberration Polynomials
for Centered Systems ................................................ 168
7.3.5 Wavefront Aberration Polynomials for
Noncentered and Asymmetric Systems ................... 173
7.4 Zernike Polynomials ............................................................. 175
7.5 Fitting of Wavefront Deformations to a Polynomial ............. 180
7.6 Wavefront Representation by an Array of Gaussians ............ 181
7.7 Wavefront Aberrations in Refractive Surfaces ...................... 184
7.7.1 Analysis of the Optical Path Difference Equation ... 186
7.8 Wavefront Aberrations in Reflective Surfaces ...................... 191
7.9 Aldis Theorem ....................................................................... 195
References ........................................................................................ 195
Chapter 8 Computer Evaluation of Optical Systems ........................................199
8.1 Transverse Aberration Polynomials ......................................199
8.1.1 Axial, Tangential, and Sagittal Plots ........................200
8.1.1.1 Axial Plots ................................................ 201
8.1.1.2 Tangential Plots ........................................202
8.1.1.3 Sagittal Plots .............................................204
8.2 Transverse Aberrations with H. H. Hopkins, Seidel, and
Buchdahl Coefficients ...........................................................206
8.2.1 Transverse Aberrations and Ray Plots with
Buchdahl Coefficients ..............................................206
8.2.1.1 Spherical Aberration .................................206
8.2.1.2 Coma .........................................................207
8.2.1.3 Astigmatism ..............................................207
8.2.1.4 Distortion ..................................................208
8.3 Meridional Ray Tracing and Stop Position Analysis ............. 210
8.4 Spot Diagram ......................................................................... 211
8.4.1 Geometrical Spot Size .............................................. 212
8.4.2 Radial Energy Distribution ...................................... 216
8.5 Wavefront Deformation ......................................................... 216
8.5.1 Calculation from Transverse Aberrations Data ........ 217
8.5.2 Direct Calculation of the Optical Path ..................... 217
8.5.3 Conrady’s Method to Compute Wavefront
Deformations ............................................................220
8.6 Point and Line Spread Function ............................................222
8.7 Optical Transfer Function ......................................................224
8.7.1 Geometrical Optical Transfer Function ...................224
8.8 Tolerance to Aberrations .......................................................226
8.8.1 Curvature and Thickness Tolerances .......................226
References ........................................................................................227ix Contents
Chapter 9 Diffraction in Optical Systems .........................................................229
9.1 Huygens–Fresnel Theory .......................................................229
9.2 Fresnel Diffraction ................................................................229
9.3 Fraunhofer Diffraction ..........................................................233
9.3.1 Circular Aperture .....................................................235
9.3.2 Annular Aperture .....................................................237
9.4 Diffraction Images with Aberrations ....................................238
9.5 Strehl Ratio ............................................................................239
9.6 Optical Transfer Function ...................................................... 241
9.6.1 OTF and Strehl Ratio ...............................................245
9.7 Resolution Criteria .................................................................245
9.8 Gaussian Beams ....................................................................247
9.8.1 Focusing and Collimating a Gaussian Beam ...........249
References ........................................................................................250
Chapter 10 Prisms ............................................................................................... 253
10.1 Tunnel Diagram ..................................................................... 253
10.2 Deflecting a Light Beam ........................................................ 253
10.3 Transforming an Image .........................................................256
10.4 Deflecting and Transforming Prisms ....................................257
10.4.1 Deflecting Prisms .....................................................257
10.4.2 Retroreflecting Systems ............................................ 261
10.5 Nondeflecting Transforming Prisms ..................................... 261
10.5.1 Inverting and Reverting Prisms ................................ 261
10.5.2 Rotating Prisms ........................................................263
10.6 Beam-Splitting Prisms ..........................................................265
10.7 Chromatic Dispersing Prisms ................................................266
10.7.1 Equilateral Prism ......................................................266
10.7.2 Constant-Deviation Prism ........................................268
10.7.3 Nondeflecting Chromatic Dispersing Prism ............269
10.8 Nonimaging Prisms ...............................................................270
References ........................................................................................ 271
Chapter 11 Basic Optical Systems and Simple Photographic Lenses ................273
11.1 Optical Systems Diversity .....................................................273
11.2 Magnifiers and Single Imaging Lens .................................... 275
11.2.1 Magnifiers ................................................................ 275
11.2.2 Biocular Magnifiers ..................................................278
11.2.3 Single Imaging Lens ................................................280
11.3 Landscape Lenses ..................................................................283
11.4 Periscopic Lens ......................................................................285
11.5 Achromatic Landscape Lens .................................................287
11.6 Doublets .................................................................................290x Contents
11.6.1 Nonaplanatic Doublet ...............................................290
11.6.2 Air-Spaced Doublet ..................................................294
11.6.3 Cemented Aplanatic Doublet ...................................297
11.6.4 Apochromatic Lenses ...............................................298
11.7 Laser Light Collimators ........................................................298
11.8 Spherical and Paraboloidal Mirrors ......................................299
11.8.1 Off-Axis Aberrations of Spherical Mirrors .............302
11.8.1.1 Spherical Aberration .................................302
11.8.1.2 Coma .........................................................302
11.8.1.3 Astigmatism ..............................................303
11.8.1.4 Petzval Curvature .....................................303
11.8.2 Concave Spherical Mirror ........................................303
11.8.2.1 Spherical Aberration .................................303
11.8.2.2 Coma .........................................................304
11.8.2.3 Astigmatism ..............................................304
11.8.2.4 Petzval Curvature .....................................305
11.8.3 Concave Paraboloidal Mirror ...................................306
11.8.3.1 Spherical Aberration .................................306
11.8.3.2 Coma .........................................................307
11.8.3.3 Astigmatism ..............................................308
11.8.4 Convex Spherical Mirror ..........................................309
11.9 Some Catoptric and Catadioptric Systems ............................ 311
11.9.1 Mangin Mirror ......................................................... 311
11.9.2 Dyson System ........................................................... 312
11.9.3 Offner System .......................................................... 313
11.10 F-Theta Lenses ...................................................................... 314
11.11 Fresnel Lenses and Gabor Plates ........................................... 314
References ........................................................................................ 316
Chapter 12 Complex Photographic Lenses ......................................................... 319
12.1 Introduction ........................................................................... 319
12.1.1 Main Parameters in Photographic Lenses ................ 319
12.2 Asymmetrical Systems ..........................................................320
12.2.1 Petzval Lens .............................................................320
12.2.2 Telephoto Lens ......................................................... 321
12.2.3 Cooke Triplet ............................................................324
12.2.4 Tessar Lens ...............................................................330
12.3 Symmetrical Anastigmat Systems ......................................... 331
12.3.1 Dagor Lens ............................................................... 331
12.3.2 Dialyte Lens ............................................................. 333
12.3.3 Double Gauss Lens ................................................... 333
12.4 Varifocal and Zoom Lenses .................................................. 336
References ........................................................................................ 341xi Contents
Chapter 13 The Human Eye and Ophthalmic Lenses ........................................345
13.1 The Human Eye .....................................................................345
13.1.1 Eye Aberrations ........................................................347
13.2 Ophthalmic Lenses ................................................................348
13.2.1 Ophthalmic Lens Magnifying Power .......................350
13.3 Ophthalmic Lens Design ....................................................... 351
13.3.1 Tscherning Ellipses .................................................. 353
13.3.2 Aspheric Ophthalmic Lenses ................................... 355
13.4 Prismatic Lenses .................................................................... 355
13.5 Spherocylindrical Lenses ...................................................... 357
References ........................................................................................ 359
Chapter 14 Astronomical Telescopes .................................................................. 361
14.1 Resolution and Light-Gathering Power ................................. 361
14.1.1 Diffraction Effects and Atmospheric Turbulence .... 361
14.1.2 Visual Limit Magnitude of a Telescope ...................362
14.1.3 Photographic and CCD Limit Magnitude of a
Telescope ..................................................................363
14.2 Reflecting Two-Mirror Cameras and Telescopes ..................364
14.2.1 First-Order Design of Two-Mirror Systems .............365
14.2.2 Two-Mirror Telescope Light Shields ........................368
14.3 Catadioptric Cameras ............................................................369
14.3.1 Schmidt Camera .......................................................369
14.3.2 Bouwers Camera ...................................................... 372
14.3.3 Bouwers–Maksutov Camera .................................... 374
14.3.4 Anastigmatic Concentric Schmidt–Cassegrain
Cameras .................................................................... 375
14.3.5 Flat-Field Anastigmatic Schmidt–Cassegrain
Cameras .................................................................... 376
14.4 Astronomical Telescopes ....................................................... 378
14.4.1 Newton Telescope..................................................... 378
14.4.2 Cassegrain Telescope ............................................... 379
14.4.2.1 Spherical Aberration ................................. 379
14.4.2.2 Coma .........................................................380
14.4.2.3 Astigmatism ..............................................380
14.4.2.4 Petzval Curvature ..................................... 381
14.4.2.5 Distortion .................................................. 381
14.4.3 Ritchey–Chrétien Telescope .....................................382
14.4.4 Dall–Kirham Telescope ...........................................386
14.4.5 Gregory Telescope ....................................................388
14.4.6 Schmidt–Cassegrain Telescope ................................388
14.4.7 Maksutov–Cassegrain Telescope .............................389
14.4.8 Coudé and Nasmyth Focus Configurations ..............390
14.5 Field Correctors ..................................................................... 391xii Contents
14.5.1 Single-Field Flattener ............................................... 391
14.5.2 Ross Corrector ..........................................................393
14.5.3 Wynne Corrector ......................................................393
14.5.4 Aspheric Correctors .................................................393
14.6 Multiple-Mirror Telescopes ...................................................395
14.7 Active and Adaptive Optics ...................................................396
References ........................................................................................398
Chapter 15 Visual Systems and Afocal Systems ................................................401
15.1 Visual Optical Systems..........................................................401
15.1.1 Exit Pupil Location in Visual Optical Systems ........401
15.1.2 Optical Models of the Human Eye ...........................402
15.2 Basic Telescopic System ........................................................404
15.3 Afocal Systems ......................................................................406
15.3.1 Two-Mirror Afocal Systems.....................................408
15.4 Visual and Terrestrial Telescopes ..........................................409
15.4.1 Galilean Telescopes .................................................. 411
15.4.2 Terrestrial Telescope with Erecting Eyepiece .......... 414
15.4.3 Terrestrial Telescope with Erecting Prisms ............. 415
15.5 Telescope Eyepieces .............................................................. 416
15.5.1 Huygens and Ramsden Eyepieces ............................ 418
15.5.2 Kellner Eyepiece ......................................................420
15.5.3 Symmetrical or Pl?ssl Eyepiece ...............................420
15.5.4 Orthoscopic Eyepiece ...............................................422
15.5.5 Erfle Eyepiece ...........................................................422
15.6 Relays and Periscopes ...........................................................423
15.6.1 Indirect Ophthalmoscope .........................................425
15.6.2 Endoscopes ...............................................................426
References ........................................................................................428
Chapter 16 Microscopes .....................................................................................429
16.1 Compound Microscope .........................................................429
16.1.1 Microscope Aperture and Resolving Power ............. 432
16.2 Microscope Objectives ..........................................................434
16.2.1 Low-Power Objectives .............................................. 438
16.2.2 Lister Objectives ....................................................... 438
16.2.3 Amici Objectives ...................................................... 439
16.2.4 Oil Immersion Objectives ........................................ 439
16.2.5 Other Types of Objectives ........................................440
16.2.6 Reflecting Objectives ................................................ 441
16.2.7 Compact Disc Objectives ......................................... 441
16.3 Microscope Eyepieces ...........................................................442
16.3.1 Huygens Eyepieces ...................................................443
16.3.2 Wide-Field Eyepieces ...............................................445xiii Contents
16.4 Microscope Illuminators .......................................................446
References ........................................................................................448
Chapter 17 Projection Systems ........................................................................... 451
17.1 Image Projectors .................................................................... 451
17.2 Main Projector Components .................................................. 452
17.2.1 Lamp ........................................................................ 452
17.2.2 Condenser ................................................................. 453
17.2.3 Projection Lens ......................................................... 455
17.3 Coherence Effects in Projectors ............................................ 457
17.4 Anamorphic Projection ......................................................... 458
17.5 Slide and Movie Projectors ....................................................460
17.6 Overhead Projectors ..............................................................460
17.7 Profile Projectors ...................................................................460
17.8 Television Projectors .............................................................. 461
17.9 LCD Computer and Home Theater Projectors ......................462
References ........................................................................................464
Chapter 18 Lens Design Optimization ...............................................................465
18.1 Basic Principles .....................................................................465
18.2 Optimization Methods ...........................................................466
18.3 Glatzel Adaptive Method .......................................................467
18.4 Constrained Damped Least-Squares Optimization Method .....468
18.4.1 Linearization of the Problem....................................469
18.4.2 Use of the Lagrange Multipliers ............................... 470
18.4.3 Matrix Representation .............................................. 473
18.4.4 Numerical Calculation of Matrix Solution ............... 474
18.4.5 Use of the Weight Factors ........................................ 475
18.5 Merit Function and Boundary Conditions ............................. 476
18.5.1 Merit Function .......................................................... 476
18.5.1.1 Color Averaging ........................................ 477
18.5.1.2 Field Averaging ......................................... 479
18.5.1.3 Distortion ..................................................480
18.5.2 Boundary Conditions ...............................................480
18.5.2.1 Axial Optical Thickness ...........................480
18.5.2.2 Edge Optical Thickness ............................ 481
18.5.2.3 Average Lens Thickness ........................... 481
18.6 Modern Trends in Optical Design ......................................... 481
18.6.1 Global Optimization and Simulated Annealing ....... 481
18.7 Flowchart for a Lens Optimization Program ........................482
18.8 Practical Tips for the Use of Lens Evaluation Programs ......482
18.8.1 Curvature, Thickness, and Separation Sign
Conventions ..............................................................482
18.8.2 Curvature or Radii of Curvature Specification ........484xiv Contents
18.8.3 Thickness and Separation Specification ...................484
18.8.4 Some Useful Tricks ..................................................484
18.9 Some Commercial Lens Design Programs ...........................485
References ........................................................................................486
Appendix 1: Notation and Primary Aberration Coefficients Summary ........489
Appendix 2: Mathematical Representation of Optical Surfaces .....................497
Appendix 3: Optical Materials ...........................................................................507
Appendix 4: Exact Ray Tracing of Skew Rays .................................................. 513
Appendix 5: General Bibliography on Lens Design ......................................... 531
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发表于 2018-11-2 08:59
