Reflective Optics, Dietrich Korsch (英文)

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Reflective Optics
Dietrich Korsch
Huntsville, Alabama
ACADEMIC PRESS, INC.
Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers
Boston San Diego New York
London Sydney Tokyo Toronto
Contents
Preface xiii
Chapter One Coordinates and Sign
Convention 1
1.1 Coordinates and Coordinate Systems 1
1.2 The Signs of Trigonometric Functions 3
Chapter Two The Law of Reflection and
the Formation of a Point
Image 7
2.1 Fermat's Principle 7
2.2 The Law of Reflection 8
2.3 The Reflected-Ray Equation 11
2.4 The Cartesian Surface 15
2.5 Conic Sections of Revolution 18
2.6 Aspheric and Aparabolic Deformation Constants 23
2.7 Conic Sections in Optics and in Geometry 24
2.8 The Apo-Vertex Equation 27
2.9 Grazing Incidence 32
Chapter Three First-Order Optics 35
3.1 The Paraxial Ray Equation 36
3.2 The Pupil 37
3.3 Paraxial Relations and Definitions 38
3.4 The Compound System 43
3.5 First-Order Relations for Compound Systems 44
Vll
viii CONTENTS
3.6 Cardinal Elements and First-Order Image
Construction 47
3.7 Image-Sided and Object-Sided Focal Lengths 49
3.8 Ray-Height Ratios for Infinite Object and Image
Distances 51
3.9 Object- and Image-Distance Equations 53
3.10 Locations of the Cardinal Points 56
3.11 First-Order System Equations 57
3.12 Graphic Image Construction 58
Chapter Four Aberrations of Conic
Reflectors 63
4.1 Reflectors Represented by the Vertex Equation 63
4.2 The Plane Mirror 65
4.3 A Spherical Reflector with the Object Plane through
the Center of Curvature 67
4.4 On-Axis Aberrations of a Spherical Reflector 69
4.5 Reflectors Represented by the Apo-Vertex Equation 77
4.6 The Parabolic Reflector as a Telescope from Near-
Normal to Grazing Incidence 80
Chapter Five Third-Order Optics 85
5.1 Third-Order Approximation of the Reflected-Ray
Equations 86
5.2 Coordinates of the Reflected Ray for a Single Surface
with Entrance Pupil 89
5.3 Coordinates and Aberrations of the Final Ray in a
Compound System 93
5.4 Relationships between the Aberration Coefficients 99
5.6 Third-Order Aberrations of a Reversed System 101
Chapter Six The Seidel Aberrations 105
6.1 Aberration Equations for OflF-Centered Pupil Systems 105
6.2 Distortion 110
6.3 Spherical Aberration 113
6.4 Coma 121
CONTENTS ix
6.5 Astigmatism and Field Curvature 127
6.6 Aberrations of a Collimated Beam 134
Chapter Seven Third-Order Correction of a
One-Mirror System 137
7.1 System Parameters and Seidel Aberrations 137
7.2 General Characteristics 139
7.3 The Cartesian Reflector 140
7.4 The Spherical Reflector 141
7.5 The Parabolic Reflector 146
Chapter Eight Third-Order Correction of
Two-Mirror Systems 151
8.1 Two-Mirror System Parameters 151
8.2 Aberration Coefficients for Two-Mirror Systems 153
8.3 Two-Mirror Configurations 155
8.4 Systems with All Finite Object and Image Distances 157
8.5 The Focusing Telescope 162
8.6 The Afocal Telescope 170
8.7 Collimated Beam between Mirrors 174
8.8 Two-Mirror Systems with a Spherical Primary 178
8.9 Two-Mirror Systems with a Spherical Secondary 187
8.10 Systems with Two Spherical Mirrors 189
8.11 The Reflective Corrector 195
Bibliography 204
Chapter Nine Third-Order Correction of
Three-Mirror Systems 207
9.1 General Considerations 207
9.2 Three-Mirror-System Parameters 210
9.3 Aberration Coefficients for Three-Mirror Systems 214
9.4 Three General Conies 217
9.5 Three Cartesian Reflectors 224
9.6 Three Spherical Mirrors 232
9.7 Three-Reflection Two-Mirror Systems 235
X CONTENTS
9.8 Telescopes with Parabolic Primaries 244
9.9 Telescopes with Spherical Primaries 252
Bibliography 258
Chapter Ten Third-Order Correction of
Multimirror Systems 261
10.1 First-Order System Parameters 261
10.2 Correction Method 263
10.3 Examples of Third-Order System Corrections 264
10.4 The Corrector 266
Bibliography 268
Chapter Eleven Aberration Theory for
Grazing-Incidence
Systems 269
11.1 Grazing-Incidence System Configuration 269
11.2 The Single Grazing-Incidence Reflector 272
11.3 Spherical Aberration of a Single Grazing-Incidence
Reflector 279
11.4 Coma of a Single Grazing-Incidence Reflector 282
11.5 The Two-Mirror Grazing-Incidence System 284
11.6 Aberrations of Two-Mirror Grazing-Incidence
System 290
11.7 Aberrations of Three-Mirror Grazing-Incidence.
Systems 293
Bibliography 299
Chapter Twelve Stigmatic and Aplanatic
Systems 303
12.1 Stigmatism, Abbe's Sine Condition, and the Herschel
Condition 303
12.2 Abbe's Sine Condition and the Herschel Condition
Applied to All-Reflective Imaging Systems 309
12.3 Stigmatic and Aplanatic Surfaces 312
12.4 Surface Representation and First-Order Layout 316
CONTENTS XI
12.5 The Stigmatic Multimirror System 320
12.6 The Stigmatic Spherical-Primary Two-Mirror
Telescope 325
12.7 The Aplanatic Multimirror System 327
12.8 The Aplanatic Two-Mirror System 337
12.9 The Aplanatic Three-Mirror System 343
12.10 Aplanatization of a Third-Order Corrected System 350
Bibliography 353
Index 355