Perspectives on Modern Optics and Imaging With Practical Examples Using Zemax

keliman

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Contents
1. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 1
1.1 THE NATURE OF LIGHT..................................................................................... 1
1.1.1 What was light? .............................................................................. 4
1.1.2 What is light today? ........................................................................ 5
1.1.3 What light is in this book ................................................................. 7
1.1.4 Who would benefit from reading this book ..................................... 7
1.2 THE NATURE OF OPTICS AND IMAGING ............................................................... 8
1.2.1 Optical engineers, lens designers: What are we?............................ 8
1.2.2 Where do optics and imaging fit in school and the world? ........... 12
1.3 THE FUTURE OF OPTICS AND IMAGING .............................................................. 13
1.3.1 Where do we go from here, and what does the future hold? ....... 13
1.3.2 Who will be the quantum optical engineers? ................................ 15
1.3.3 Why geometrical optics is well and alive and probably forever .... 18
REFERENCES ......................................................................................................19
2. OPTICS AND IMAGING IN THEORY ...........................................................22
2.1 GEOMETRICAL OPTICS: THE BACKBONE OF OPTICAL ENGINEERING .......................... 22
2.1.1 What a lens is, and the “imaging principle” .................................. 23
2.1.2 The paraxial thin lens model (PTLM) ............................................. 31
2.1.3 Aperture stops, pupils, and f-number ............................................ 33
2.1.4 Relative illumination (Part One): Vignetting ................................. 36
2.1.5 Aberrations and “apparitions” of imaging systems ...................... 37
2.1.6 Depth of field and focus ................................................................ 44
2.2 PHYSICAL OPTICS: THE BACKBONE OF GEOMETRICAL OPTICS ................................. 54
2.2.1 Diffraction and interference in imaging: A brief review of Fourier
optics principles ........................................................................................... 54
2.2.2 Physical optical imaging systems: Some examples ....................... 60
2.2.2.1 Diffractive optics ............................................................................. 61
2.2.2.2 The approximately diffraction-free lens: Apodization .................... 66
2.2.2.3 Zemax OS example: Apodization and resolution enhancement ..... 69
2.2.2.4 A short note about coherence ........................................................ 75
2.3 RADIOMETRY: THE BACKBONE OF ILLUMINATION AND NONIMAGING OPTICS ............ 76
2.3.1 Radiance, etendue, intensity, and all that: A brief review ............. 76
2.3.2 Radiance theorem for real and “fake” but useful lenses ............... 84
2.3.3 Invariance of image brightness with distance ................................ 86
2.3.4 Impact of diffraction and aberrations on image irradiance ........... 90
2.3.4.1 Zemax OS example: Aberrations and image irradiance .................. 99
2.3.5 Nonimaging characteristics of imaging lenses ............................. 105
2.3.5.1 Zemax OS example: Axial nonimaging property of lenses ............ 105
2.3.6 F-number of a lens with non-circular pupils ................................. 112
2.3.7 Relative illumination (Part Two): Effect of angles, image distortion
and pupil size .............................................................................................. 116
REFERENCES ................................................................................................... 122
3. OPTICS AND IMAGING IN MODERN APPLICATIONS ............................... 126
3.1 MODERN OPTICAL ENGINEERING: PUSHING THE LIMITS OF THE THREE BACKBONES ... 127
3.2 MACHINE VISION IMAGING PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES ...................................... 128
3.2.1 The world of machine vision optics .............................................. 128
3.2.2 Optical characteristics of “stock” lenses ...................................... 129
3.2.2.1 What exactly is a lens’s “field of view”? ....................................... 129
3.2.2.2 What exactly is an “image circle”? ................................................ 137
3.2.2.3 What exactly is “working distance”? ............................................ 142
3.2.2.4 Determining principal plane locations in real life ......................... 143
3.2.2.5 The chief ray angle in image space ............................................... 144
3.2.2.6 Sensor formats, image circles, and resolution .............................. 145
3.2.2.7 Illumination in machine vision ...................................................... 150
3.2.3 Customization and optical design for machine vision .................. 155
3.2.3.1 Finding a starting point and scaling a lens .................................... 155
3.2.3.2 Optimizing in steps ....................................................................... 156
3.2.3.3 Telecentricity does not imply uniform relative illumination ......... 161
3.2.3.4 Zemax OS example: Relative illumination and distortion ............. 163
3.2.4 Chromatic aberration in machine vision ...................................... 178
3.2.4.1 Achromatism ................................................................................ 179
3.2.4.2 Apochromatism ............................................................................ 181
3.2.4.3 Zemax OS example: Automated apochromat glass selection ....... 183
3.2.4.4 Zemax OS example: Apochromatic machine vision lens with
extended field of view ....................................................................................... 190
3.2.5 Curved image sensors .................................................................. 202
3.2.5.1 Where to put the best focus ......................................................... 202
3.2.5.2 Distortion on a curved surface ...................................................... 205
3.2.6 Focusing a lens in machine vision................................................. 206
3.2.6.1 Shifting the image plane versus shifting a lens ............................. 206
3.2.6.2 How to maintain the working distance ......................................... 208
3.2.6.3 Liquid lenses in machine vision ..................................................... 210
3.2.6.4 Zemax OS example: Position of a liquid lens in a lens .................. 211
3.2.7 Depth sensing with machine vision lenses ................................... 218
3.2.7.1 Triangulation with an imaging lens ............................................... 218
3.2.7.2 Impact of entrance and exit pupils on depth sensing ................... 219
3.2.7.3 Impact of lens symmetry on depth sensing .................................. 221
3.2.7.4 Zemax OS example: Symmetric lens for depth sensing ................ 222
3.2.7.5 Depth determination by focus variation ....................................... 228
3.2.7.6 Extended depth of field imaging ................................................... 228
3.2.8 The limits of miniaturization ....................................................... 231
3.3 MOBILE PHONE IMAGING ATTACHMENTS ........................................................ 234
3.3.1 Lens attachments and the meaning of magnification ................. 234
3.3.2 Significance of entrance and exit pupils ...................................... 239
3.3.3 The OOWA lens from Dynaoptics ............................................. 245
3.3.4 Spectrometer mobile phone attachments ................................... 249
3.3.4.1 Basic concepts for spectrometer attachments ............................. 249
3.3.4.2 Zemax OS example: Simple spectrometer phone attachment ..... 254
3.4 GOOGLE’S GLASS WEARABLE COMPUTING DEVICE ......................................... 262
3.4.1 Basic imaging principle of the Glass eyepiece ......................... 262
3.4.2 Zemax OS example: Glass as a fundus imager ......................... 264
3.4.3 Use of adaptive optics ................................................................. 274
3.5 STEREO IMAGING SYSTEMS .......................................................................... 275
3.5.1 Stereoscopy vs. Autostereoscopy vs. Holography ....................... 276
3.5.2 Stereo imaging with a single stationary lens .............................. 279
3.4.2.1 Zemax OS example: Single lens stereoscopy ................................ 280
3.5.3 Autostereoscopic 3D displays in mobile phones .......................... 283
3.4.3.1 Zemax OS example: Time-multiplexed autostereoscopic 3D display
optical system for mobile phone ....................................................................... 284
3.6 IMAGING USING THE GRATING LIGHT VALVE ................................................ 292
3.6.1 Operating principle of the GLV .................................................... 292
3.6.2 Zemax OS example: On/off switching of GLV pixels in a simple GLVbased
imaging system ............................................................................... 301
3.7 FLUORESCENCE DETECTION AND DNA ANALYSIS .............................................. 310
3.7.1 The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) .......................................... 312
3.7.2 Real-time PCR .............................................................................. 314
3.7.3 Zemax OS Example: Optimizing detection from replicate wells using
a lens’ POP characteristic .......................................................................... 316
REFERENCES .................................................................................................... 323
INDEX .............................................................................................................. 330